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Intelligence

Are you concerned with thinking or behavior? 
Do you want to model humans or work from an ideal standard?
How a mere handful of matter can perceive, understand, predict, and manipulate
a world far larger and more complicated than itself.

1.1  What is AI 
  • The definitions on top are concerned with thought processes and reasoning, whereas the ones on the bottom address behavior.
  • The definitions on the left measure success in terms of fidelity to human performance, whereas
    RATIONALITY the ones on the right measure against an ideal performance measure, called rationality.
  • A system is rational if it does the “right thing,” given what it knows.
1.1.1 Acting humanly: The Turing Test approach
TURING TEST
  • NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING : natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English
  • KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION : knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears
  • AUTOMATED REASONING : automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions
  • MACHINE LEARNING : machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
TOTAL TURING TEST
  • COMPUTER VISION : computer vision to perceive objects, and
  • ROBOTICS : robotics to manipulate objects and move about.
1.1.2 Thinking humanly: The cognitive modeling approach 
  • COGNITIVE SCIENCE
1.1.3 Thinking rationally: The “laws of thought” approach
  •  SYLLOGISM
  •  LOGIC
  •  LOGICIST
  •  LIMITED RATIONALITY 
1.1.4 Acting rationally: The rational agent approach
  • AGENT
  • RATIONAL AGENT
1.2 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1.2.1 Philosophy
• Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
• How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
• Where does knowledge come from?
• How does knowledge lead to action?
  • RATIONALISM
  • DUALISM
  • MATERIALISM
  • EMPIRICISM
  • INDUCTION
  • LOGICAL POSITIVISM
  • OBSERVATION SENTENCES
  • CONFIRMATION THEORY
1.2.2 Mathematics
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
  • ALGORITHM
  • INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM
  • COMPUTABLE
  • TRACTABILITY
  • NP-COMPLETENESS
  • PROBABILITY
1.2.3 Economics
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
  • UTILITY
  • DECISION THEORY
  • GAME THEORY
  • OPERATIONS RESEARCH
  • SATISFICING
1.2.4 Neuroscience 
How do brains process information?
  • NEUROSCIENCE 
  • NEURON
  • SINGULARITY
1.2.5 Psychology 
How do humans and animals think and act?
  • BEHAVIORISM
  • COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
1.2.6 Computer engineering
  •  How can we build an efficient computer?
1.2.7 Control theory and cybernetics 
How can artifacts operate under their own control?
  • CONTROL THEORY
  • CYBERNETICS
  • HOMEOSTATIC
  • OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
1.2.8 Linguistics 
How does language relate to thought?
  • COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS
1.3 THE HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
1.3.1 The gestation of artificial intelligence (1943–1955)
  • HEBBIAN LEARNING
1.3.2 The birth of artificial intelligence (1956) 
1.3.3 Early enthusiasm, great expectations (1952–1969)
  •  PHYSICAL SYMBOL  SYSTEM
1.3.4 A dose of reality (1966–1973)
  • MACHINE EVOLUTION
  • GENETIC GENETIC
1.3.5 Knowledge-based systems: The key to power? (1969–1979)
  • WEAK METHOD
  • EXPERT SYSTEMS 
  • CERTAINTY FACTOR
  • FRAMES
1.3.6 AI becomes an industry (1980–present)
1.3.7 The return of neural networks (1986–present) 
  • BACK-PROPAGATION
  • CONNECTIONIST
1.3.8 AI adopts the scientific method (1987–present)
  • HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS
  • DATA MINING
  • BAYESIAN NETWORK
1.3.9 The emergence of intelligent agents (1995–present)
  • HUMAN-LEVEL AI
  • ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
  • FRIENDLY AI
1.3.10 The availability of very large data sets (2001–present) 

1.4 THE STATE OF THE ART
  • Robotic vehicles
  • Speech recognition
  • Autonomous planning and scheduling
  • Game playing
  • Spam fighting
  • Logistics planning
  • Robotics
  • Machine Translation






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